Literature and Medicine I

Works Cited

Abbott, Charles David. “Christopher Smart’s Madness.” PMLA 45 (1930): 1014-22.

Bass, Alan. “Time and the Witch: Femininity, Metapsychology and the Temporality of the Unconscious.” MLN 91 (1975): 871-912. 

Bethlem Royal Hospital Archives and Museum Services. “About Us.” <http://<link http://www.bethlemheritage.org.uk/aboutus.asp>www.bethlemheritage.org.uk/aboutus.asp>. Accessed 23 March 2009. 

Briggs, Robin. Witches & Neighbors: The Social and Cultural Context of European Witchcraft. New York: Penguin, 1998.

Burney, Frances. Cecilia, Or Memoirs of an Heiress. Ed. Peter Sabor and Margaret Anne Doody. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1999.

Burton, Robert. The Anatomy of Melancholy: What It Is, With all the Kinds, Causes, Symptomes, Prognostickes, and Severall Cures of It. Ed. Holbrook Jackson. New York: Vintage, 1977.

Caudill, William. The Psychiatric Hospital as Small Society. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1958. 

Cooper, David. The Language of Madness. London: Penguin, 1978.

Derrida, Jacques. “No (Point of) Madness – Maintaining Architecture.” Psyche: Inventions of the Other. Vol. II. Ed. Peggy Kamuf and Elizabeth Rottenberg. Stanford: Stanford UP, 2008. 87-103.

Digby, Anne. “Changes in the Asylum: The Case of York, 1777-1815.” The Economic History Review 36 (1983): 218-39.

Doane, Mary Ann. “The Clinical Eye: Medical Discourses in the ‘Woman’s Film’ of the 1940’s.” Poetics Today 6 (1985): 205-27. 

Edginton, Barry. “A Space for Moral Management: The York Retreat’s Influence on Asylum Design.” Madness, Architecture and the Built Environment: Psychiatric Space in Historical Context. Ed. Leslie Topp, James Moran, and Jonathan Andrews. New York: Routledge, 2007. 85-104.

Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. Trans. Richard Howard. New York: Vintage Book, 1965.

---. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Trans. Alan Sheridan. New York: Vintage Books, 1995.

---. History of Madness. Trans. Jonathan Murphy. New York: Routledge, 2009.

---. The History of Sexuality. Vol. 1: An Introduction. Trans. Robert Hurley. New York: Vintage Books, 1990. 

Grundy, Isobel. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1999. 

Halsband, Robert. The Life of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957.

---, ed. The Complete Letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. Volume 1: 1708-1720. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965.

Haywood, Eliza. The Distress’d Orphan, or Love in a Madhouse. From Eliza Haywood: Three Novellas. Ed. Earla Wilputte. East Lansing: Colleagues Press, 1995.

Ingram, Allen, ed. Patterns of Madness in the Eighteenth Century: A Reader. Liverpool: Liverpool UP, 1998.

Kromm, Jane. “The Feminization of Madness in Visual Representation.” Feminist Studies 20 (1994): 507-35.

Laqueur, Thomas. Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud. London: Harvard UP, 1999.

Midelfort, H. C. Eric. “Reading and Believing: On the Reappraisal of Michel Foucault.” Rewriting the History of Madness: Studies in Foucault’s Histoire de la Folie. Ed. Arthur Still and Irving Velody. New York: Routledge, 1992. 105-09.

Moran, James, and Leslie Topp. Introduction. Madness, Architecture and the Built Environment: Psychiatric Space in Historical Context. Ed. Leslie Topp, James Moran, and Jonathan Andrews. New York: Routledge, 2007. 1-16.

Porter, Roy. Mind-Forg’d Manacles: A History of Madness in England from the Restoration to the Regency. London: Athalone Press, 1987. 

---. Flesh in the Age of Reason: How the Enlightenment Transformed the Way We See Our Bodies and Souls. London: Penguin, 2003. 

Showalter, Elaine. Hystories: Hysterical Epidemics and Modern Cultures. New York: Picador, 1997. 

Still, Arthur, and Irving Velody, eds. Rewriting the History of Madness: Studies in Foucault’s Histoire de la Folie. New York: Routledge, 1992.

Strachey, James, ed. and trans. In collaboration with Anna Freud. Studies on Hysteria. By Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud. New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1957. 

Tadmor, Naomi. “The Concept of the Household-Family in Eighteenth-Century England.” Past and Present 151 (1996): 111-40.

Ussher, Jane. Women’s Madness: Misogyny or Mental Illness? New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991.

Wharncliffe, Lord, ed. The Letters and Works of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. Vol. 1. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1861.

Wiltshire, John. “Journals and Letters.” The Cambridge Companion to Frances Burney. Ed. Peter Sabor. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2007. 75-92.

 

Notes

• 1) Use of the term madhouse has a more open interpretation than the term asylum. Asylum was to become synonymous with the means of promoting rationality and improvement with its architecture and scope.
• 2) Although Ussher never cites actual numbers of women prosecuted or killed for witchcraft, she implies that they were by far the highest social group victimized.  Alternate view points importantly take the social and economic standing of the victim (in additional to ethic background) as a primary factor rather than only gender. For further reading on the subject please see Briggs. 
• 3) Derrida disagrees with this assessment; Derrida states that follies “do not amount to the ‘absence of the work’ – that fate of madness in the classical period that Foucault speaks of. Instead, they make up a work, they put to work” (Derrida 90).
• 4) Much criticism of Foucault’s Madness and Civilization has been based upon translation, specifically, the absence of English translation for the full manuscript, which runs about 600 pages. The English translation is less than half that length based on a 1964 abridged edition. Certain selections, such as the phrase alluded to above “an easy wandering life,” remain contentious. Some critics suggest this interpretation is evidence of a more problematic and faulty use of primary source materials on Foucault’s part. However, I recommend the excellent collection of essays Rewriting the History of Madness: Studies in Foucault’s Histoire de la folie, edited by Arthur Still and Irving Velody, for some enlightening discussion on the subject, specifically Allan Megill’s essay, “Foucault, Ambiguity, and the Rhetoric of Historiography.”
• 5) The true gendered separation within the asylum did not occur until the 19th century. Bethlem Hospital, the premier and best-known of English asylums, planned for entirely separate male and female wards, separated by a central station (Bethlem Royal Hospital).